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Ultrasonic preparation of graphene
  When high-intensity ultrasound is applied to a liquid, sound waves transmitted into the liquid medium cause alternating cycles of high pressure (compression) and low pressure (rarefaction), the rate of which depends on the ultrasonic frequency. During the low-pressure cycle, high-intensity ultrasound generates small vacuum bubbles or voids within the liquid. When these bubbles reach a size where they can no longer absorb energy, they collapse violently during the high-pressure cycle. This phenomenon is known as cavitation. During the implosion, extremely high local temperatures (about 5,000K) and pressures (about 2,000 atm) are reached. The implosion of cavitation bubbles also results in liquid jet speeds up to 280 m/s. The physical and chemical changes induced by ultrasonic cavitation can be applied to graphene preparation.